Effects of fibre orientation and content on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical and thermal expansion properties of multi-layered glass/carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites

Multi-layered glass and carbon-reinforced polymer composites may exhibit unique properties comparatively with the benchmark, proven they are being tailored bounded by several requirements. The paper herein approaches issues on the influence of the various contents and orientation of UD carbon fibre constitutive on the mechanical, dynamical and thermal expansion if embedded along with glass fibres in different stacking sequencing within an unsaturated polymer resin. The results show that the architectures with the highest content of carbon fibres (e.g. GF:CF(60:40) 0 and 90 ) provide the best tensile and flexural properties, and behave better under dynamical loading conditions and temperature variations, no matter the orientation directions. In addition, it was shown that a thorough understanding can be attained, with respect to the UD carbon fibre content, and different orientations influence on the overall composite material properties, taking into account the data retrieved from dynamical and thermal expansion runs.Luca Motoc, D.; Ferrándiz Bou, S.; Balart Gimeno, RA. (2015). Effects of fibre orientation and content on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical and thermal expansion properties of multi-layered glass/carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites. Journal of Composite Materials. 49(10):1211-1221. doi:10.1177/0021998314532151S121112214910Bunsell, A. R., & Harris, B. (1974). Hybrid carbon and glass fibre composites. Composites, 5(4), 157-164. doi:10.1016/0010-4361(74)90107-4Summerscales, J., & Short, D. (1978). Carbon fibre and glass fibre hybrid reinforced plastics. Composites, 9(3), 157-166. doi:10.1016/0010-4361(78)90341-5Kretsis, G. (1987). A review of the tensile, compressive, flexural and shear properties of hybrid fibre-reinforced plastics. Composites, 18(1), 13-23. doi:10.1016/0010-4361(87)90003-6Fu, S.-Y., Lauke, B., Mäder, E., Yue, C.-Y., & Hu, X. (2000). Tensile properties of short-glass-fiber- and short-carbon-fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 31(10), 1117-1125. doi:10.1016/s1359-835x(00)00068-3Stevanović, M., & Sekulić, D. P. (2003). Macromechanical Characteristics Deduced from Three-Point Flexure Tests on Unidirectional Carbon/Epoxy Composites. Mechanics of Composite Materials, 39(5), 387-392. doi:10.1023/b:mocm.0000003288.75552.cbTsukamoto, H. (2011). A mean-field micromechanical approach to design of multiphase composite laminates. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 528(7-8), 3232-3242. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2010.12.102Grozdanov, A., & Bogoeva-Gaceva, G. (2010). Carbon Fibers/Polyamide 6 Composites Based on Hybrid Yarns. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 23(1), 99-110. doi:10.1177/0892705708095994Valenza, A., Fiore, V., & Di Bella, G. (2009). Effect of UD Carbon on the Specific Mechanical Properties of Glass Mat Composites for Marine Applications. Journal of Composite Materials, 44(11), 1351-1364. doi:10.1177/0021998309353215Mujika, F. (2006). On the difference between flexural moduli obtained by three-point and four-point bending tests. Polymer Testing, 25(2), 214-220. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2005.10.006Shenghu Cao, Zhis WU, & Xin Wang. (2009). Tensile Properties of CFRP and Hybrid FRP Composites at Elevated Temperatures. Journal of Composite Materials, 43(4), 315-330. doi:10.1177/0021998308099224DUBOULOZMONNET, F., MELE, P., & ALBEROLA, N. (2005). Glass fibre aggregates: consequences on the dynamic mechanical properties of polypropylene matrix composites. Composites Science and Technology, 65(3-4), 437-443. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.09.012Kishi, H., Kuwata, M., Matsuda, S., Asami, T., & Murakami, A. (2004). Damping properties of thermoplastic-elastomer interleaved carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Composites Science and Technology, 64(16), 2517-2523. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.05.006Miyagawa, H., Mase, T., Sato, C., Drown, E., Drzal, L. T., & Ikegami, K. (2006). Comparison of experimental and theoretical transverse elastic modulus of carbon fibers. Carbon, 44(10), 2002-2008. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2006.01.026TANIGUCHI, N., NISHIWAKI, T., HIRAYAMA, N., NISHIDA, H., & KAWADA, H. (2009). Dynamic tensile properties of carbon fiber composite based on thermoplastic epoxy resin loaded in matrix-dominant directions. Composites Science and Technology, 69(2), 207-213. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.10.002Bosze, E. J., Alawar, A., Bertschger, O., Tsai, Y.-I., & Nutt, S. R. (2006). High-temperature strength and storage modulus in unidirectional hybrid composites. Composites Science and Technology, 66(13), 1963-1969. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.01.020Pothan, L. A., George, C. N., John, M. J., & Thomas, S. (2009). Dynamic Mechanical and Dielectric Behavior of Banana-Glass Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 29(8), 1131-1145. doi:10.1177/0731684409103075Pothan, L. A., Potschke, P., Habler, R., & Thomas, S. (2005). The Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Banana and Glass Fiber Woven Fabric-Reinforced Polyester Composite. Journal of Composite Materials, 39(11), 1007-1025. doi:10.1177/0021998305048737Jakubinek, M. B., Whitman, C. A., & White, M. A. (2009). Negative thermal expansion materials. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 99(1), 165-172. doi:10.1007/s10973-009-0458-9Ito, T., Suganuma, T., & Wakashima, K. (1999). 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Dynamic-Mechanical and Decomposition Properties of Flax/Basalt Hybrid Laminates Based on an Epoxidized Linseed Oil Polymer

[EN] This contribution focuses on the development of flax and flax/basalt hybrid reinforced composites based on epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) resin, exploiting the feasibility of different ratios of glutaric anhydride (GA) to maleinized linseed oil (MLO) in the hardener system (50:0, 40:10 and 30:20 wt.%) to provide crosslinked thermosets with balanced properties. The hybrid laminates have been manufactured by resin transfer molding (RTM) and subjected to dynamic-mechanical (DMA) and thermal gravimetry (TGA) analysis. The presence of glutaric anhydride (GA) resulted in hard and relatively brittle flax and flax/basalt laminates, whose loss moduli decreased as the number of basalt plies diminished. Furthermore, the increase in MLO content in the GA:MLO hardener system shifted the glass transition temperatures (T-g) from 70 degrees C to 59 and 56 degrees C, which is representative of a decrease in brittleness of the crosslinked resin. All samples exhibited two stages of their decomposition process irrespective of the MLO content. The latter influenced the residual mass content that increased with the increase of the MLO wt.% from 10 to 30 wt.%, with shifts of the final degradation temperatures from 410 degrees C to 425 degrees C and 445 degrees C, respectively.This research was funded by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU) project numbers MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R.Motoc, DL.; Ferri Azor, JM.; Ferrándiz Bou, S.; Garcia-Garcia, D.; Balart, R. (2021). Dynamic-Mechanical and Decomposition Properties of Flax/Basalt Hybrid Laminates Based on an Epoxidized Linseed Oil Polymer. Polymers. 13(4):1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym1304047911113

[Photograph 2012.201.B1213.0675]

Photograph used for a newspaper owned by the Oklahoma Publishing Company

Coefficient of thermal expansion evolution for cryogenic preconditioned hybrid carbon fiber/glass fiber-reinforced polymeric composite materials

Polymeric matrix composites are susceptible to degradation and material properties changes if subjected to low-temperature environmental conditions. This paper attempts to present a study on effective coefficient of thermal expansion for various hybrid carbon fibers/glass fibers polymeric composite structures previously subjected to low-temperature environmental conditioning. The hybrid composite architectures were made from various layers of glass mat and/or glass woven embedded along with layers of unidirectional carbon fibers into a polymeric matrix. The samples were preconditioned to a low-temperature environment at a constant temperature of −35 °C for 1-week long, 24 h/day. The instantaneous CTE and thermal strain fields were recorded with a DIL 402 PC/1 dilatometer from Netzsch GmbH (Germany) by setting a monotonically linear rise of temperature from 20 to 250 °C, at a rate of 1 °C min⁻¹. The experimentally retrieved data were compared with the values obtained by running a micromechanical-based approach simulation on a representative volume element.status: publishe

Thermal degradation and stability of wood particle composites deployed as decorative components

The contribution aims to design, deliver and debate on thermal degradation and thermal stability of several wood/PP composite materials. The wood polymer-based composites (n. WPCs) were manufactured through injection moulding by deploying various wood species under 10% and 40% weight fraction within the thermoplastic matrix. Thermal degradation of WPC specimens revealed similarities in characteristics, small discrepancies in the degradation temperatures but higher contents in the char formation, between 10% to 35% with wood content increase